What does Theory X primarily suggest about employees' characteristics?

• A. Employees are inherently motivated to work hard
• B. Employees prefer to make their own decisions
• C. Employees are fundamentally lazy and prefer direction
• D. Employees thrive in a collaborative environment

Answer: (C)

Theory X, as proposed by Douglas McGregor, suggests that employees have an inherent aversion to work and will naturally avoid it if they can. This theory is grounded in the belief that most individuals are motivated primarily by financial rewards and security, and thus require supervision and direction to be productive.

According to Theory X, managers who subscribe to this view tend to assume that workers are inherently lazy, need to be controlled, and do not inherently crave responsibility. Therefore, a system of strict supervision and authoritarian leadership is deemed necessary to ensure that employees fulfill their roles effectively.

By contrast, employees described in other views, such as Theory Y, would be seen as self-motivated, enjoying responsibility and finding intrinsic satisfaction in their work. This distinction highlights how Theory X paints a more pessimistic picture of employee motivation and work ethic, thereby justifying a more subordinate role for employees and a directive approach from managers.