Which type of clique is characterized by defensive behavior and only operates when necessary?

• A. Vertical cliques
• B. Random cliques
• C. Horizontal cliques
• D. Formal groups

Answer: (C)

The type of clique characterized by defensive behavior and that operates only when necessary is a horizontal clique. This group typically forms among peers at the same level within an organization, such as police officers or detectives. Their defensive behavior often arises from a need to protect their interests and maintain a sense of camaraderie in a potentially adversarial or competitive workplace.

Horizontal cliques tend to mobilize for specific issues or situations, often coming together when there is a common challenge or when they perceive a need to support one another. This type of interaction is more situational compared to formal groups, which are established with set structures and objectives, and they do not exhibit the same level of informality as random cliques, which may not form around specific operational needs. Overall, horizontal cliques play a unique role in fostering solidarity and support among members who are navigating the same professional landscape.